Microneedle-based ocular drug delivery systems – recent advances and challenges

• Piotr Gadziński,
• Anna Froelich,
• Monika Wojtyłko,
• Antoni Białek,
• Julia Krysztofiak and
• Tomasz Osmałek

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2022, 13, 1167–1184, doi:10.3762/bjnano.13.98

• physiology of the eye are summarized and discussed. Keywords: eye; microneedles; ocular drug delivery; ophthalmic drugs; Review 1 Introduction Since its first appearance in biomedicine, microtechnology is rapidly entering the world of pharmaceutical sciences, including pharmaceutical technology [1][2][3][4

• ][71]. Unfortunately, it has to be noticed that most technological solutions on the nanoscale are only promising at the laboratory stage. The transfer of such technologies to an industrial scale is often complicated and causes many difficulties [72][73][74]. Ophthalmic drugs can be also administered in

• the non-invasive methods mentioned above, there is a number of invasive techniques for the administration of ophthalmic drugs, mostly by injection into the vitreous or sub-surface parts of the eye. Subconjunctival and retrobular injections can provide rapid or prolonged release, depending on the